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Empress Dowager Cixi:
Empress Dowager Cixi, of the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan, was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908.
Selected by the Xianfeng Emperor as a concubine in her adolescence, she climbed the ranks of Xianfeng's harem and gave birth to a son who became the Tongzhi Emperor upon Xianfeng's death. Cixi ousted a group of regents appointed by the late emperor and assumed regency over her young son with the Empress Dowager Ci'an. Cixi then consolidated control and established near-absolute rule over the dynasty. She installed her nephew as the Guangxu Emperor in 1875. A conservative ruler who refused to adopt Western models of government, Cixi rejected reformist views on government and placed Guangxu under house arrest in later years for supporting reformers. However, she supported technological and military modernization of China's armies. After Ronglu sabotaged the Chinese army during the Boxer Rebellion against the Eight-Nation Alliance, external and internal pressures led Cixi to attempt institutional changes and appoint reform-minded officials. Ultimately, the Qing Dynasty collapsed a few years after her death.
Historians from both Kuomintang and Communist backgrounds have generally portrayed her as a despot and villain responsible for the fall of the Qing Dynasty, but in recent years other historians have suggested that she was a scapegoat for problems beyond her control, a leader no more ruthless than others, and even an effective if reluctant reformer in the last years of her life.
孝钦显皇后（慈禧太后），叶赫那拉氏，名杏贞。慈禧出身于满洲镶蓝旗（后抬入满洲镶黄旗）一个官宦世家。清文宗咸丰皇帝的妃子，清穆宗同治皇帝的生母，以皇太后身分或垂帘听政或临朝称制，为自1861年至1908年间大清帝国的实际统治者，为期仅次于清朝康熙帝和乾隆帝。生前，外人有以“慈禧太后”、“圣母皇太后”、“那拉太后”、“西太后”等称之者；自光绪年间，宫中及朝廷开始以“老佛爷”尊称之；死后谥号为“孝钦慈禧端佑康颐昭豫庄诚寿恭钦献崇熙配天兴圣显皇后”。
慈禧太后出身叶赫部（今四平附近），那拉氏，父惠征，原为吏部笔帖式（八品），咸丰二年（慈禧选秀入宫之年）升为安徽徽宁池太广道道员（四品）。咸丰六年，生下了咸丰帝的第一个儿子，亦是唯一成年的儿子。咸丰帝逝世于避暑山庄后，治丧期间，大行皇帝皇后钮祜禄氏住烟波致爽殿的东暖阁，叶赫那拉氏则以新皇帝生母“圣母皇太后”的身份住西暖阁，故得“西太后”之称谓。
由于在其48年的统治期间，中国除了太平天国之乱外，还饱受外国侵略，中国国力日渐衰败。其执政能力颇受争议，加上中国传统对于女性执政的负面意见，过去对慈禧的评价几乎是完全负面的。近来，史学界逐渐开始有人从历史条件局限的观点，对慈禧当政提出多元化的评价。但她在大多数人的心中，依然是一位负面人物。因为是中国少数享有盛名的女性政治人物，而常被人和唐朝的武则天相提并论。
Empress Dowager Cixi:
Empress Dowager Cixi, of the Manchu Yehe Nara Clan, was a powerful and charismatic figure who became the de facto ruler of the Manchu Qing Dynasty in China for 47 years from 1861 to her death in 1908.
Selected by the Xianfeng Emperor as a concubine in her adolescence, she climbed the ranks of Xianfeng's harem and gave birth to a son who became the Tongzhi Emperor upon Xianfeng's death. Cixi ousted a group of regents appointed by the late emperor and assumed regency over her young son with the Empress Dowager Ci'an. Cixi then consolidated control and established near-absolute rule over the dynasty. She installed her nephew as the Guangxu Emperor in 1875. A conservative ruler who refused to adopt Western models of government, Cixi rejected reformist views on government and placed Guangxu under house arrest in later years for supporting reformers. However, she supported technological and military modernization of China's armies. After Ronglu sabotaged the Chinese army during the Boxer Rebellion against the Eight-Nation Alliance, external and internal pressures led Cixi to attempt institutional changes and appoint reform-minded officials. Ultimately, the Qing Dynasty collapsed a few years after her death.
Historians from both Kuomintang and Communist backgrounds have generally portrayed her as a despot and villain responsible for the fall of the Qing Dynasty, but in recent years other historians have suggested that she was a scapegoat for problems beyond her control, a leader no more ruthless than others, and even an effective if reluctant reformer in the last years of her life.
孝钦显皇后（慈禧太后），叶赫那拉氏，名杏贞。慈禧出身于满洲镶蓝旗（后抬入满洲镶黄旗）一个官宦世家。清文宗咸丰皇帝的妃子，清穆宗同治皇帝的生母，以皇太后身分或垂帘听政或临朝称制，为自1861年至1908年间大清帝国的实际统治者，为期仅次于清朝康熙帝和乾隆帝。生前，外人有以“慈禧太后”、“圣母皇太后”、“那拉太后”、“西太后”等称之者；自光绪年间，宫中及朝廷开始以“老佛爷”尊称之；死后谥号为“孝钦慈禧端佑康颐昭豫庄诚寿恭钦献崇熙配天兴圣显皇后”。
慈禧太后出身叶赫部（今四平附近），那拉氏，父惠征，原为吏部笔帖式（八品），咸丰二年（慈禧选秀入宫之年）升为安徽徽宁池太广道道员（四品）。咸丰六年，生下了咸丰帝的第一个儿子，亦是唯一成年的儿子。咸丰帝逝世于避暑山庄后，治丧期间，大行皇帝皇后钮祜禄氏住烟波致爽殿的东暖阁，叶赫那拉氏则以新皇帝生母“圣母皇太后”的身份住西暖阁，故得“西太后”之称谓。
由于在其48年的统治期间，中国除了太平天国之乱外，还饱受外国侵略，中国国力日渐衰败。其执政能力颇受争议，加上中国传统对于女性执政的负面意见，过去对慈禧的评价几乎是完全负面的。近来，史学界逐渐开始有人从历史条件局限的观点，对慈禧当政提出多元化的评价。但她在大多数人的心中，依然是一位负面人物。因为是中国少数享有盛名的女性政治人物，而常被人和唐朝的武则天相提并论。
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